China was likely watching the recent clashes between Pakistan and India with strong interest, hoping to gain valuable intelligence about the performance of its own weapons, according to military analysts.
In clashes earlier this month, India reportedly deployed Israeli and Western-made weapons in strikes on militant groups and Pakistani air defenses, while Pakistan retaliated with Chinese-made jets and missiles.
This provided a rare opportunity for China – which hasn’t fought an open war for decades – to watch its military tech in action against Western hardware.
“Pakistan now serves as a proxy platform for Chinese military tech,” Sajjan M. Gohel, international security director at the Asia-Pacific Foundation in London, told BI.
This enables Beijing to “test, refine, and demonstrate its systems without direct confrontation,” he said.
Chinese weapons in Pakistani hands
The military clashes last week between nuclear-armed Pakistan and India, longtime regional adversaries, were the most serious in decades.
And they played out against the backdrop of deepening rivalry between China and India, two of Asia’s most powerful economies.
“It is inevitable that China is watching and learning from the India-Pakistan clashes, just as it has been from the Ukraine-Russia conflict,” Gohel said.
In recent years, China has escalated its support for Pakistan, strengthening economic ties and providing Pakistan with around 80% of its weapons and military technology, according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
According to reports and officials, Pakistan likely deployed Chinese-made P-15 missiles and HQ-series air defence systems against India, in addition to the Chengdu J-10C ‘Vigorous Dragon’ fighter jets.
Pakistan claimed it used J-10C jets to shoot down several Indian aircraft last week, including French-made Rafale jets. The claims have not been verified, but shares of Rafale manufacturer Dassault plunged as a result.
Pakistan received its first batch of J-10C jets from China in 2022.
The single-engine, multi-role aircraft is Beijing’s answer to Western fighters such as the American F-16 and Sweden’s Saab Gripen. It’s an upgrade on the J-10, which debuted in the 2000s, and can carry a mix of precision-guided bombs, anti-ship missiles, and medium-range air-to-air weapons.
The Pakistan-India conflict is one of the first times the Chinese jet has been used in live combat.
Watching others fight
The involvement of Chinese weaponry in the recent clashes is likely of concern to the West.
Intelligence gleaned from the attacks could be used to tweak and adjust systems to make them more effective against their Western counterparts.
China “is likely to watch the conflict closely,” said Daniel Byman, director of the Warfare, Irregular Threats, and Terrorism Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies.
“It will see how its systems perform in real-world situations against an array of Indian systems,” he said. “It will learn which countermeasures and tactics are more effective and ways to improve its systems.”
Analysts told Reuters last week that China was likely using its large network of spy satellites, spy boats, and regional military bases to monitor the conflict.
In some areas, China’s weapons seem to have outclassed those deployed by India.
Pakistan claims to have shot down more than two dozen Indian drones, including Israeli-made HAROP long-range drones.
India, meanwhile, claims to have taken down several Chinese-made P-15 guided missiles fired by Pakistan, suggesting some lessons that China could learn.
Global arms sales
Gohel said that China’s strategy of brokering closer regional and global alliances through arms sales hinges on their performance in battlefield confrontations.
“China will want to establish several issues,” Gohel said. “Can its sensors and targeting systems match or counter Western stealth and jamming? Are its missile systems achieving desired range and accuracy? How do command, control, and data-link integration fare under pressure?”
China has also long viewed Pakistan as a valuable buffer against India, with which it has clashed in recent years over their shared Himalayan border. And as US ties with India grow, China has stepped up its support for Pakistan.
“The military relationship between China and Pakistan is not transactional. It is embedded in a strategic vision,” said Gohel.
Cease-fire, but nothing solved
Over the weekend, the Trump administration announced that it had brokered a cease-fire between India and Pakistan, though reports say that sporadic clashes have occurred since then.
Even so, the strategic lessons learned from the conflict could have a longer-term impact on regional security, as China and India jostle for influence, and China competes with the West in terms of military strength and hardware.
“What China learns in this conflict between India and Pakistan could feed directly into PLA training and modernization,” said Gohel, referring to the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, “especially with regard to India, which it views as a long-term strategic competitor.”
